Water scarcity in the Arab region is intensifying due to population growth, economic

development, and the impacts of climate change. It is manifested in groundwater depletion,

freshwater ecosystem degradation, deteriorating water quality, low levels of water storage per capita,

and added pressures on transboundary water resources. High!income Arab countries have sought to

circumvent the ever!present challenges of water scarcity through agricultural imports (virtual water

trade), desalination, and, increasingly, wastewater reuse.

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